Iraq is facing major challenges in addressing environmental pollution, which poses a serious threat to both human health and the environment. Among the most pressing issues is air pollution, particularly in major cities such as Baghdad, Basra, and Karbala. Pollution levels in these cities range between 65% and 80% above internationally accepted thresholds. This is primarily due to the intensive use of diesel-powered generators, outdated transportation systems, high industrial activity, and frequent dust storms that contribute to elevated concentrations of particulate matter (PM10). Studies by the Iraqi Ministry of Environment and reports from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) have confirmed that these high pollution levels have led to an increase in respiratory diseases and related health problems.
Air Pollutants in Baghdad – 2023 Ministry of Environment Reports:
Water pollution is another critical issue, with pollution levels affecting 50% to 70% of surface and groundwater sources. The Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt al-Arab rivers are particularly affected by untreated sewage discharge, industrial waste, and increasing salinity due to reduced water inflows from neighboring countries. Reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) and local research institutions indicate that such pollution contributes to the spread of intestinal and skin diseases and has serious health impacts—especially in provinces such as Basra, Dhi Qar, and Diwaniyah.
Soil pollution is largely linked to the excessive use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, as well as contamination from war remnants and oil production sites. It is estimated that 40% to 60% of agricultural land has been adversely affected. Environmental studies show that these chemical and heavy metal pollutants directly reduce soil fertility and crop quality, threatening food security in central and southern regions. Reports from the Ministry of Agriculture and international environmental organizations emphasize the urgency of taking corrective measures to address soil pollution.
Waste pollution poses another significant challenge due to the accumulation of large quantities of unprocessed waste, which constitutes 55% to 75% of daily waste production. This includes domestic, medical, industrial, and electronic waste. The buildup of waste contributes to soil, water, and air pollution, particularly in major urban centers such as Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra. Reports by the Ministry of Municipalities and the World Bank recommend the development of an integrated waste management system based on sorting, treatment, and recycling to reduce environmental impacts.
Effectively addressing these various forms of pollution requires the adoption of comprehensive, integrated strategies. These should include updating environmental legislation, enhancing oversight of factories and transportation, and improving wastewater treatment infrastructure. Modern waste management technologies and alternatives to harmful agrochemicals must also be embraced. Public awareness must be strengthened through health and education programs that support environmental conservation at the individual and community levels.
Given Iraq’s significant environmental challenges, a long-term strategic approach grounded in scientific research and sustainable practices is essential. Environmental pollution not only affects public health but also has broader consequences for the national economy, including reduced productivity, decreased agricultural output, higher healthcare costs, and an overall decline in quality of life. Therefore, addressing pollution cannot be a temporary or partial effort—it must involve all key sectors under a unified national vision.
One effective approach to pollution control is to strengthen collaboration between academic institutions, research centers, and government agencies. Investing in environmental research and developing local solutions for water treatment, waste recycling, and reducing industrial and agricultural emissions is a key step toward building a sustainable infrastructure. For example, biotechnology can be employed to use microorganisms to break down organic pollutants in soil and water—a method proven effective in various international experiments.
In addition, the development of a national environmental monitoring system is of critical importance. This involves establishing electronic monitoring networks capable of collecting and analyzing real-time data to provide accurate and up-to-date indicators. Such data would support policymakers in identifying high-risk areas and taking prompt, effective action. Universities and students can also participate in community-based monitoring initiatives, fostering environmental awareness and creating a new generation committed to environmental protection.
Integrated environmental legislation is a foundational pillar for the success of any environmental plan. Current laws suffer from weak enforcement and insufficient oversight. Therefore, legal frameworks must be updated to reflect current environmental and technological realities and linked to clear development plans with measurable goals and performance indicators. Regulatory bodies should be empowered with the necessary authority to hold polluters accountable.
Alongside government efforts, private sector engagement is also vital. This can be encouraged by imposing environmental taxes on polluting activities and offering tax incentives to companies that adopt eco-friendly technologies or implement environmental management systems. Additionally, environmental financing funds can be established to support small projects that contribute to waste treatment and the development of clean energy alternatives.
Finally, the role of environmental education should not be overlooked. It must begin in school curricula and extend through media campaigns and community programs aimed at instilling a culture of environmental responsibility in both individuals and institutions. Real change begins with citizens recognizing their role in reducing pollution—by cutting plastic use, participating in recycling initiatives, increasing green spaces, or reporting environmental violations.
In conclusion, controlling environmental pollution in Iraq requires a unified national effort grounded in clear scientific and practical foundations. By integrating environmental policies with economic and social development plans, Iraq can build a more sustainable future—one that protects natural resources and improves the quality of life for current and future generations.